PR:Q94900glutamate-gated chloride channel (fruit fly)CHEBI:17996chloridePCO:0000003population qualityGO:0005254chloride channel activityGO:1902476chloride transmembrane transportGO:0060081membrane hyperpolarizationMP:0001393ataxiaMP:0001399hyperactivityMP:0000753paralysisD009026mortality1increased2decreasedWikiUser_22all species132113Bombus impatiensWikiUser_10chaetanaphothrips orchidii46012Radopholus similisWCS_35525Daphnia magna83647Orius insidiosusWikiUser_11hymenoptera7113Helicoverpa zeaWikiUser_12lepidoptera198433Liriomyza trifoliiWikiUser_13orius isidiosus34664Acyrthosiphon kondoiActivation, Glutamate-gated chloride channelActivation, Glutamate-gated chloride channelMolecular2016-11-29T18:41:262016-12-03T16:37:51Increased, Chloride conductanceIncreased, Chloride conductanceCellularCL:0000540neuron2016-11-29T18:41:262017-09-16T10:16:11hyperpolarisation, neuronhyperpolarisation, neuronCellularCL:0000540neuron2016-11-29T18:41:262017-09-16T10:16:12N/A, Ataxia, paralysis, or hyperactivityN/A, Ataxia, paralysis, or hyperactivityOrganUBERON:0001134skeletal muscle tissue2016-11-29T18:41:262017-09-16T10:16:11Increased MortalityIncreased MortalityPopulation<p><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="color:black">Increased mortality refers to an increase in the number of individuals dying in an experimental replicate group or in a population over a specific period of time.</span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">Mortality of animals is generally observed as cessation of the heart beat, breathing (gill or lung movement) and locomotory movements. Mortality is typically measured by observation. Depending on the size of the organism, instruments such as microscopes may be used. The reported metric is mostly the mortality rate: the number of deaths in a given area or period, or from a particular cause.</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<p style="text-align:start"><span style="font-size:medium"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="color:#000000"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">Depending on the species and the study setup, mortality can be measured:</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
<ul>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">in the lab by recording mortality during exposure experiments</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">in dedicated setups simulating a realistic situation such as mesocosms or drainable ponds for aquatic species</span></span></span></span></span></li>
<li><span style="font-size:12pt"><span style="font-family:Calibri,sans-serif"><span style="font-size:11pt"><span style="color:#212529"><span style="background-color:white">in the field, for example by determining age structure after one capture, or by capture-mark-recapture efforts. The latter is a method commonly used in ecology to estimate an animal population's size where it is impractical to count every individual.</span></span></span></span></span></li>
</ul>
<p>All living things are susceptible to mortality.</p>
ModerateUnspecificHighAll life stagesHigh2016-11-29T18:41:242022-07-08T07:32:26Decreased, population 1Decreased, population 1Population2016-11-29T18:41:262016-12-03T16:37:518917559c-190f-4c14-b747-3065d28aab807df2c724-192b-4a07-a0eb-8bcfe041ab672016-11-29T18:41:352016-12-03T16:38:00b776ae28-1b01-4941-9391-60eece92a00c7d6555f4-fd3a-47dd-a3af-1002f18039c12016-11-29T18:41:352016-12-03T16:38:00d41df462-8d23-487a-bb6f-86430d0912166b333874-b354-44d9-b82e-130ea7b209b92016-11-29T18:41:352016-12-03T16:38:007d6555f4-fd3a-47dd-a3af-1002f18039c1d41df462-8d23-487a-bb6f-86430d0912162016-11-29T18:41:352016-12-03T16:38:007df2c724-192b-4a07-a0eb-8bcfe041ab67b776ae28-1b01-4941-9391-60eece92a00c2016-11-29T18:41:352016-12-03T16:38:00Glutamate-gated chloride channel activation leading to acute mortalityGluCl activation to mortality<p>Kellie Fay (putative AOP)</p>
<p>Helen Poynton, Lily Green, Alan Bartels</p>
Under Development: Contributions and Comments WelcomeUnder Development1.29<p>Macrocylcic lactone (ML) antihelmintics, insecticides and acaricids (e.g. abamectin and ivermectin) target the alpha subunits of the glutamate-gated chloride channels (GluCl) present in nematodes, arthropods, crustaceans (daphnia), and mollusks. The binding of the ML may result in directly opening the ion channel, or may potentiate the effects of the endogenous agonist, glutamate, resulting in increased chloride entry into the cell. With the increased influx of chloride ions, the cell becomes hyperpolarized (neuron) or depolarized (myocyte), resulting in paralysis and death. Mammals do not possess glutamate-gated chloride channels, but the structure of the GluCl channel is similar to the glycine === Background (optional) ===</p>
<p>Increased mortality is one of the most common regulatory assessment endpoints, along with reduced growth and reduced reproduction.</p>
adjacentNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedadjacentNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedadjacentNot SpecifiedNot Specifiednon-adjacentNot SpecifiedNot Specifiednon-adjacentNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedNot Specified<p>Strong evidence exists for population decline in pest species (e.g., worms, ticks and mites) resulting from targeted glutamate-gated chloride channels, as well for non-target species (bees, butterflies). However, this AOP has been developed with minimal research. Given GluCl channels exist in several cell types, specific key events likely vary among species, which are not elucidated here. The review by Wolstenholme (2012) describes specific GluCl-controlled sensory inputs in worms and flies (e.g., behavioral responses to odour, temperature and light) which suggest pathways other than paralysis may be more sensitive. As such, this AOP should be considered putative with minimally-researched support.</p>
<p>Glutamate-gated chloride channels are absent in vertebrates (Slimko et al., 2002). <a href="#Life_Stage_Applicability"> Life Stage Applicability</a>, <a href="#Taxonomic_Applicability"> Taxonomic Applicability</a>, <a href="#Sex_Applicability"> Sex Applicability</a><br />
<em>Elaborate on the domains of applicability listed in the summary section above. Specifically, provide the literature supporting, or excluding, certain domains. </em></p>
<p>Slimko, E.M., McKinney, S., Anderson, D.J., Davisodn, N., and Lester, H.A. (2002) Selective electrical silencing of mammalian neurons in vitro by the use of invertebrate ligand-gated chloride channels. J. Neurosci. 22, 7373-7379.</p>
<p>Wolstenholm, A. (2012) Glutamate-gated chloride channels. J. Biological Chem. 287: 48, 40232-40238.</p>
2016-11-29T18:41:162023-04-29T13:02:12