GO:0060756foraging behaviorD056631colony collapse4abnormal1increasedAbnormal, Foraging activity and behaviorAbnormal, Foraging activity and behaviorIndividual<p>Text from LaLone et al. (2017) Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activaiton of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death. <em>Science of the Total Environment</em> 584-585, 751-775:</p>
<p>"As eusocial insects, honey bees rely on theworker bee caste to forage<br />
for nectar, pollen, andwater. Foraged water can be used for evaporative<br />
cooling of the hive during warm weather (as reviewed by Jones and<br />
Oldroyd, 2006). Nectar and pollen collected by the foragers are the<br />
sole food source for the colony, with nectar providing carbohydrates<br />
and pollen providing lipids, protein, vitamins, and essential minerals<br />
(Brodschneider and Crailsheim, 2010). Upon returning to the hive, forager<br />
bees identify non-foraging, food-storing hive bees and deliver their<br />
collection by regurgitating nectar carried back in their honey stomach<br />
(i.e., foregut of proventriculus; Free, 1959). The hive bees place the nectar<br />
in wax cells for processing into honey. Hive bees also aid foragers in<br />
unloading pollen from the pollen baskets (corbicula) on the forager's<br />
hind legs and place it in cells where it is mixed with nectar to form<br />
bee bread, which is stored for consumption by the colony (Winston,<br />
1987). Foragers consume only small amounts of the food they collect.<br />
Hive bees consume the food they receive in order to produce proteinrich<br />
royal jelly and brood food, which they use to nourish both the<br />
queen and the developing brood (Winston, 1987). During winter, the<br />
colony survives on the pollen and nectar that was stored as bee bread<br />
and honey over the spring, summer, and fall seasons (Seeley and<br />
Visscher, 1985).<br />
The act of foraging is a perilous and metabolically challenging task<br />
that is typically carried out by worker bees in the later stages of life<br />
(Woyciechowski and Moroń, 2009). However, the timing of the role<br />
change from hive bee to forager can vary depending on the needs of<br />
the colony. There are environmental, hormonal, and social cues that determine<br />
when and how often foragers search for food and fluid, includingweather,<br />
abundance or scarcity of food resources, magnitude of food<br />
stockpiled in the hive, health of the colony, and size of the brood<br />
(Dreller and Tarpy, 2000). Such cues initiate physiological changes involved<br />
in the transition of a worker bee to foraging, which include<br />
changes to flight muscles andmetabolic rate. These changes accommodate<br />
the reported 70-fold increase in oxygen consumption needed to<br />
sustain physical and cognitive activities of the forager bee (Kammer<br />
and Heinrich, 1978). It has been documented that the volume of<br />
neuropil in mushroom bodies is increased by approximately 15%, and<br />
the somata of the Kenyon cells decreased by approximately 29% in foragers<br />
compared to day-old bees (Withers et al., 1995). Change in lipid<br />
stores also occurs in forager bees prior to foraging, whereby their abdominal<br />
lipid is reduced to approximately half that of nurse bees<br />
(Chang et al., 2015; Toth and Robinson, 2005). Further, there is lowprotein<br />
content in the forager's fat body cells, and vitellogenin (Vtg; egg</p>
<p>yolk) protein production is significantly reduced, while juvenile hormone<br />
levels are significantly increased (Toth and Robinson, 2005). Another<br />
change which occurs at the stage where worker bees become<br />
foragers is that their flight muscle fiber thickness decreases and diameter<br />
of the myofibrils, which contain the contractile filaments, increases<br />
in preparation for prolonged flight during foraging (Correa-Fernandez<br />
and Cruz-Landim, 2010)."</p>
<p>Text from table 2 in LaLone et al. (2017) Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activaiton of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death. <em>Science of the Total Environment</em> 584-585, 751-775:</p>
<p>"• Radio-frequency identification tagging technology to track the frequency and duration of individual foraging events, flight time,<br />
foragers homing ability, duration of time spent at a feeder, and duration between feeding<br />
• Video tracking software for measures of total distance traveled and time spent in social interaction<br />
• Weigh bee-collected pollen from hive entrance trap<br />
• Pollen load can also be assessed by scoring the size of amount of pollen in the forager’s corbiculae (pollen basket) relative to the<br />
size of the worker bee<br />
• Nectar loads from individual forager bees can be measured with a pocket refractometer after inducing regurgitation<br />
• Video foragers returning to hive and measure waggle dance circuits performed<br />
• Food storage can be measured by visual inspection or digital imaging of the combs with the objective to estimate the percent of<br />
cells filled with nectar (uncapped), honey (capped), or pollen"</p>
<p>LaLone, C.A., Villeneuve, D.L., Wu-Smart, J., Milsk, R.Y., Sappington, K., Garber, K.V., Housenger, J. and Ankley, G.T., 2017. Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death.<em> </em>STOTEN. 584-585, 751-775.</p>
<p>Brodschneider, R., Crailsheim, K., 2010. Nutrition and health in honey bees. Apidologie 41<br />
(3), 278–294.</p>
<p>Jones, J.C., Oldroyd, B.P., 2006. Nest thermoregulation in social insects. Adv. Insect Physiol.<br />
33, 153–191.</p>
<p>Free, J.B., 1959. The transfer of food between the adult members of a honeybee community.<br />
Bee World 40 (8), 193–201.</p>
<p>Winston, M.L., 1987. The Biology of the Honey Bee. Harvard University Press.</p>
<p>Seeley, T.D., Visscher, P.K., 1985. Survival of honeybees in cold climates: the critical timing<br />
of colony growth and reproduction. Ecol. Entomol. 10 (1), 81–88.</p>
<p>Woyciechowski, M., Moroń, D., 2009. Life expectancy and onset of foraging in the honeybee<br />
(Apis mellifera). Insect. Soc. 56 (2), 193–201.</p>
<p>Dreller, C., Tarpy, D.R., 2000. Perception of the pollen need by foragers in a honeybee colony.<br />
Anim. Behav. 59 (1), 91–96.</p>
<p>Kammer, A.E., Heinrich, B., 1978. Insect flight metabolism. Adv. Insect Physiol. 13,<br />
133–228.</p>
<p>Withers, G.S., Fahrbach, S.E., Robinson, G.E., 1995. Effects of experience and juvenile hormone<br />
on the organization of the mushroom bodies of honey bees. J. Neurobiol. 26<br />
(1), 130–144.</p>
<p>Chang, L.H., Barron, A.B., Cheng, K., 2015. Effects of the juvenile hormone analogue<br />
methoprene on rate of behavioural development, foraging performance and navigation<br />
in honey bees (Apis mellifera). J. Exp. Biol. 218 (11), 1715–1724.</p>
<p>Toth, A.L., Robinson, G.E., 2005. Worker nutrition and division of labour in honeybees.<br />
Anim. Behav. 69, 427–435.</p>
<p>Correa-Fernandez, F., Cruz-Landim, C., 2010. Differential flight muscle development in<br />
workers, queens and males of the eusocial bees, Apis mellifera and Scaptotrigona<br />
postica. J. Insect Sci. 10, 85.</p>
2016-11-29T18:41:252018-06-07T10:51:36Weakened, ColonyWeakened, ColonyPopulation<p>Text from LaLone et al. (2017) Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activaiton of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death. <em>Science of the Total Environment</em> 584-585, 751-775:</p>
<p>"The characteristics evaluated to determine the strength/health of honey bee colonies, include adequate numbers of adult bees, presence of sealed and open brood, adequate amounts of stored pollen, nectar and sealed honey, the absence of pests and disease, and the presence of a queen that lays eggs in consistent and tight patterns, with limited eggless cells (Sagili and Burgett, 2011). If the colony is weakened by any one (or a combination) of these factors for an extended period, a critical point can be reached<br />
that will lead to colony failure. Through honey bee population dynamics models, it has been demonstrated that loss of foragers leading to precocious foraging of young bees may restore the overall foraging capacity, but the brood rearing capacity of the colony might be reduced (Khoury et al., 2011). Further, as noted above, precocious foragers are less effective and resilient, causing the forager death rate to increase. The model predicts that sustained forager losses that reduce the force by two-thirds would place a colony at risk for failure (Khoury et al., 2011). Additionally, proper brood rearing is essential to the development of healthy adult bees."</p>
<p>Text from Table 2 in LaLone et al. (2017) Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activaiton of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death. <em>Science of the Total Environment</em> 584-585, 751-775:</p>
<p>"• Count number of adult bees, presence of sealed and open brood, assess amount of food stores by visual method or by weighing,<br />
assess presence/absence of pests and disease, evaluate egg laying patterns of queen<br />
• Brood care behavior can be evaluated by filming the brood nest and then recording nursing frequency, total nursing period per<br />
hour, and average duration of nursing episodes for individual cells<br />
• Cannibalism of brood can be detected by mapping eggs, larvae and pupae present on brood frames and noting developmental<br />
stages for each individual, then inspecting daily for missing larvae<br />
• Assess health of bee: dry weight, muscle development, protein content"</p>
<p>LaLone, C.A., Villeneuve, D.L., Wu-Smart, J., Milsk, R.Y., Sappington, K., Garber, K.V., Housenger, J. and Ankley, G.T., 2017. Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death.<em> </em>STOTEN. 584-585, 751-775.</p>
<p>Sagili, R.R., Burgett, D.M., 2011. Evaluating honey bee colonies for pollination: a guide for<br />
commercial growers and beekeepers. A Pacific Northwest Extension Publication. vol.<br />
623, pp. 1–8.</p>
<p>Khoury, D.S.,Myerscough,M.R., Barron, A.B., 2011. A quantitativemodel of honey bee colony<br />
population dynamics. PLoS One 6 (4), e18491.</p>
<p> </p>
2016-11-29T18:41:292018-06-07T11:04:32Death/Failure, ColonyDeath/Failure, ColonyPopulation<p>Text from LaLone et al. (2017) Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activaiton of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death. <em>Science of the Total Environment</em> 584-585, 751-775:</p>
<p>"Colony death/failure is defined as demise of a functional colony. Dramatic losses in the number of managed honey bee colonies have been reported across the globe (Potts et al., 2010) and efforts have been undertaken to survey and identify trends in losses over time, particularly in the US and European Union. Most recent survey results collected in the US have shown that managed honey bee colony losses are significantly higher than those deemed acceptable by beekeepers (Seitz et al., 2015). From surveying commercial (>300 colonies), sideline (25–300 colonies), and small scale <25 colonies) beekeepers, average annual colony losses (both<br />
summer and winter losses) per operation in the US during 2014–2015 were 49%, compared to 18.7% that has been identified by beekeepers as an acceptable loss rate (Seitz et al., 2015). Starvation, poor over-winter survival, and weak colonies, were among the most common perceived causes of loss reported by bee keepers (Seitz et al., 2015). Commercial beekeepers, managing thousands of colonies, self-reported colony collapse disorder and pesticides as third and fourth leading reasons for colony loss, respectively (Seitz et al., 2015)."</p>
<p>LaLone, C.A., Villeneuve, D.L., Wu-Smart, J., Milsk, R.Y., Sappington, K., Garber, K.V., Housenger, J. and Ankley, G.T., 2017. Weight of evidence evaluation of a network of adverse outcome pathways linking activation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor in honey bees to colony death.<em> </em>STOTEN. 584-585, 751-775.</p>
<p>Potts, S.G., Biesmeijer, J.C., Kremen, C., Neumann, P., Schweiger, O., Kunin, W.E., 2010.<br />
Global pollinator declines: trends, impacts and drivers. Trends Ecol. Evol. 25 (6),<br />
345–353.</p>
<p>Seitz, N., Traynor, K.S., Steinhauer, N., Rennich, K., Wilson, M.E., Ellis, D., Rose, R., Tarpy,<br />
D.R., Sagili, R.R., Caron, D.M., Delaplane, K.S., Rangel, J., Lee, K., Baylis, K., Wilkes, J.T.,<br />
Skinner, J.A., Pettis, J.S., vanEngelsdorp, D., 2015. A national survey of managed<br />
honey bee 2014–2015 annual colony losses in the USA. J. Apic. Res. 54 (4), 1–12.</p>
<p> </p>
2016-11-29T18:41:252018-06-07T11:15:113137dc90-d2f5-4cbc-bcf8-749d63092bb879245e20-657e-40ec-a238-086d2984e38f2016-11-29T18:41:362016-12-03T16:38:0479245e20-657e-40ec-a238-086d2984e38f39a9998d-b423-4e76-af13-bbef37a08b5f2016-11-29T18:41:362016-12-03T16:38:04Weather event contributes abnormal foraging leading to colony loss/failureWeather to abnormal foraging to colony loss/failureUnder Development: Contributions and Comments WelcomeUnder Development1.29adjacentNot SpecifiedNot SpecifiedadjacentNot SpecifiedNot Specified2016-11-29T18:41:172023-04-29T13:02:14