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Event: 870
Key Event Title
Increase, Cell Proliferation
Short name
Biological Context
Level of Biological Organization |
---|
Cellular |
Cell term
Organ term
Key Event Components
Process | Object | Action |
---|---|---|
cell proliferation | epithelial cell | increased |
cell proliferation | mesothelial cell | increased |
Key Event Overview
AOPs Including This Key Event
AOP Name | Role of event in AOP | Point of Contact | Author Status | OECD Status |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH Induced Nasal Tumors | KeyEvent | Cataia Ives (send email) | Open for citation & comment | EAGMST Under Review |
Frustrated phagocytosis-induced lung cancer | KeyEvent | Arthur Author (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite | Under Development |
Deposition of energy leading to lung cancer | KeyEvent | Brendan Ferreri-Hanberry (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite | EAGMST Approved |
Frustrated phagocytosis leads to malignant mesothelioma | KeyEvent | Evgeniia Kazymova (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite | |
AHR leading to lung cancer via NRF2 tox path | KeyEvent | Allie Always (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite | |
Ionizing Radiation-Induced AML | KeyEvent | Allie Always (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite | |
Interaction with lung cells leads to lung cancer | KeyEvent | Evgeniia Kazymova (send email) | Under development: Not open for comment. Do not cite |
Taxonomic Applicability
Life Stages
Life stage | Evidence |
---|---|
All life stages | High |
Sex Applicability
Term | Evidence |
---|---|
Unspecific | High |
Key Event Description
In the context of cancer, one hallmark is the sustained and uncontrolled cell proliferation (Hanahan et al., 2011, Portt et al., 2011). When cells in the lung epithelium obtain a growth advantage due to mutations in critical genes that regulate cell cycle progression, they may begin to proliferate excessively, resulting in hyperplasia and potentially leading to the development of a tumour (Hanahan et al., 2011). It has been hypothesized that stressors such as radiation can result in cell inactivation and the replacement of these cells can initiate clonal expansion (Heidenreich adn Paretzke et al., 2008).
Sustained atrophy/degeneration olfactory epithelium under the influence of a cytotoxic agent leads to adaptive tissue remodeling. Cell types unique to olfactory epithelium, e.g. olfactory neurons, sustentacular cells and Bowmans glands, are replaced by cell types comprising respiratory epithelium or squamous epithelium.
How It Is Measured or Detected
Two common methods of measuring cell proliferation in vivo are the use of Bromodeoxyuridine (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, BrdU) labeling (Pera, 1977), and Ki67 immunostaining (Grogan, 1988). BrdU is a synthetic analogue of the nucleoside Thymidine. BrDu is incorporated into DNA synthesized during the S1 phase of cell replication and is stable for long periods. Labeling of dividing cells by BrdU is accomplished by infusion, bolus injection, or implantation of osmotic pumps containing BrdU for a period of time sufficient to generate measureable numbers of labeled cells. Tissue sections are stained immunhistochemically with antibodies for BrdU and labeled cells are counted as dividing cells. Ki67 is a cellular marker of replication not found in quiescent cells (Roche, 2015). Direct immunohistochemical staining of cells for protein Ki67 using antibodies is an alternative to the use of BrdU, with the benefit of not requiring a separate treatment (injection for pulse-labeling). Cells positive for Ki67 are counted as replicating cells. Replicating cell number is reported per unit tissue area or per cell nuclei (Bogdanffy, 1997).
Assay Name | References | Description | OECD Approved Assay |
CyQuant Cell Proliferation Assay | Jones et al., 2001 | DNA-binding dye is added to cell cultures, and the dye signal is measured directly to provide a cell count and thus an indication of cellular proliferation | N/A |
Nucleotide Analog Incorporation Assays (e.g. BrdU, EdU) | Romar et al., 2016, Roche; 2013 | Nucleoside analogs are added to cells in culture or injected into animals and become incorporated into the DNA at different rates, depending on the level of cellular proliferation; Antibodies conjugated to a peroxidase or fluorescent tag are used for quantification of the incorporated nucleoside analogs using techniques such as ELISA, flow cytometry, or microscopy | Yes (No. 442B) |
Cytoplasmic Proliferation Dye Assays | Quah & Parish, 2012 | Cells are incubated with a cytoplasmic dye of a certain fluorescent intensity; Cell divisions decrease the intensity in such a way that the number of divisions can be calculated using flow cytometry measurements | N/A |
Colourimetric Dye Assays | Vega-Avila & Pugsley, 2011; American Type Culture Collection | Cells are incubated with a dye that changes colour following metabolism; Colour change can be measured and extrapolated to cell number and thus provide an indication of cellular proliferation rates | N/A |
Domain of Applicability
Cell proliferation is a central process supporting development, tissue homeostasis and carcinogenesis, each of which occur in all vertebrates. This key event has been observed nasal tissues of rats exposed to the chemical initiator vinyl acetate. In general, cell proliferation is necessary in the biological development and reproduction of most organisms. This KE is thus relevant and applicable to all multicellular cell types, tissue types, and taxa.
References
Bogdanffy. et al. (1997). “FOUR-WEEK INHALATION CELL PROLIFERATION STUDY OF THE EFFECTS OF VINYL ACETATE ON RAT NASAL EPITHELIUM”, Inhalation Toxicology, Taylor & Francis. 9: 331-350.
Grogan. et al. (1988). “Independent prognostic significance of a nuclear proliferation antigen in diffuse large cell lymphomas as determined by the monoclonal antibody Ki-67”, Blood. 71: 1157-1160.
Hanahan, D. & R. A. Weinberg, (2011),” Hallmarks of cancer: the next generation”, Cell. 144(5):646-74. doi: 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013.
Heidenreich WF, Paretzke HG. (2008) Promotion of initiated cells by radiation-induced cell inactivation. Radiat Res. Nov;170(5):613-7. doi: 10.1667/RR0957.1. PMID: 18959457.
Jones, J. L. et al. (2001), Sensitive determination of cell number using the CyQUANT cell proliferation assay. Journal of Immunological Methods. 254(1-2), 85-98. Doi:10.1016/s0022-1759(01)00404-5.
Pera, Mattias and Detzer (1977). “Methods for determining the proliferation kinetics of cells by means of 5-bromodeoxyuridine”, Cell Tissue Kinet.10: 255-264. Doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.1977.tb00293.x.
Portt, L. et al. (2011), “Anti-apoptosis and cell survival: a review”, Biochim Biophys Acta. 21813(1):238-59. doi: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2010.10.010.
Quah, J. C. B. & R. C. Parish (2012), “New and improved methods for measuring lymphocyte proliferation in vitro and in vivo using CFSE-like fluorescent dyes”, Journal of Immunological Methods. 379(1-2), 1-14. doi: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.02.012.
Roche Applied Science, (2013), “Cell Proliferation Elisa, BrdU (Colourmetric) ». Version 16
Romar, A. G., S. T. Kupper & J. S. Divito (2015), “Research Techniques Made Simple: Techniques to Assess Cell Proliferation”, Journal of Investigative Dermatology. 136(1), e1-7. doi: 10.1016/j.jid.2015.11.020.
Vega-Avila, E. & K. M. Pugsley (2011), “An Overview of Colorimetric Assay Methods Used to Assess Survival or Proliferation of Mammalian Cells”, Proc. West. Pharmacol. Soc. 54, 10-4.