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Relationship: 980

Title

A descriptive phrase which clearly defines the two KEs being considered and the sequential relationship between them (i.e., which is upstream, and which is downstream). More help

Peptide Oxidation leads to Decrease, GTPCH-1

Upstream event

The causing Key Event (KE) in a Key Event Relationship (KER). More help

Peptide Oxidation

Downstream event

The responding Key Event (KE) in a Key Event Relationship (KER). More help

Decrease, GTPCH-1

Key Event Relationship Overview

The utility of AOPs for regulatory application is defined, to a large extent, by the confidence and precision with which they facilitate extrapolation of data measured at low levels of biological organisation to predicted outcomes at higher levels of organisation and the extent to which they can link biological effect measurements to their specific causes.Within the AOP framework, the predictive relationships that facilitate extrapolation are represented by the KERs. Consequently, the overall WoE for an AOP is a reflection in part, of the level of confidence in the underlying series of KERs it encompasses. Therefore, describing the KERs in an AOP involves assembling and organising the types of information and evidence that defines the scientific basis for inferring the probable change in, or state of, a downstream KE from the known or measured state of an upstream KE. More help

AOPs Referencing Relationship

AOP Name	Adjacency	Weight of Evidence	Quantitative Understanding	Point of Contact	Author Status	OECD Status
Peptide Oxidation Leading to Hypertension	adjacent	Moderate	Low	Brendan Ferreri-Hanberry (send email)	Not under active development	Under Development

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) that help to define the biological applicability domain of the KER.In general, this will be dictated by the more restrictive of the two KEs being linked together by the KER. More help

Term	Scientific Term	Evidence	Link
Bos taurus	Bos taurus	Moderate	NCBI
Mus musculus	Mus musculus	Moderate	NCBI
Homo sapiens	Homo sapiens	Moderate	NCBI
Rattus norvegicus	Rattus norvegicus	Moderate	NCBI

Sex Applicability

An indication of the the relevant sex for this KER. More help

Sex	Evidence
Unspecific	High

Life Stage Applicability

An indication of the the relevant life stage(s) for this KER. More help

Term	Evidence
All life stages	High

Key Event Relationship Description

Provides a concise overview of the information given below as well as addressing details that aren’t inherent in the description of the KEs themselves. More help

Exposure to known inducers of oxidative stress such as cigarette smoke extract (AbdelGhany et al., under review) or peroxynitrite (Zhao et al., 2013) causes the loss of GTPCH-1 activity, resulting in decreased levels of tetrahydrobiopterin (BH4) and subsequent uncoupling of endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS).

Evidence Collection Strategy

Include a description of the approach for identification and assembly of the evidence base for the KER. For evidence identification, include, for example, a description of the sources and dates of information consulted including expert knowledge, databases searched and associated search terms/strings. Include also a description of study screening criteria and methodology, study quality assessment considerations, the data extraction strategy and links to any repositories/databases of relevant references.Tabular summaries and links to relevant supporting documentation are encouraged, wherever possible. More help

Evidence Supporting this KER

Addresses the scientific evidence supporting KERs in an AOP setting the stage for overall assessment of the AOP. More help

Biological Plausibility

Addresses the biological rationale for a connection between KEupstream and KEdownstream. This field can also incorporate additional mechanistic details that help inform the relationship between KEs, this is useful when it is not practical/pragmatic to represent these details as separate KEs due to the difficulty or relative infrequency with which it is likely to be measured. More help

Several studies demonstrated that GTPCH-1 is also affected by oxidative stress, which provides evidence for moderate biological plausibility. In vitro exposure to chemically synthesized peroxynitrite inhibited GTPCH-1 activity in a dose-dependent manner (Zhao et al., 2013). This inhibition as well as increased ubiquitination of GTPCH-1 were observed in cultured bovine aortic endothelial cells (BAECs) and streptozotocin-induced diabetes in mice following peroxynitrite treatment. Ubiquitination of GTPCH-1 leads to its degradation, which is equivalent to a decrease in GTPCH-1. In another study, GTPCH-1 levels were reduced by cigarette smoke extract (CSE) exposure in BAECs (AbdelGhany et al., under review). There is also evidence that CSE promoted GTPCH-1 degradation by increasing proteasomal activity. Furthermore, cardiac reperfusion patients experienced oxidative stress which was associated with reduced GTPCH-1 activity (Jayaram et al., 2015).

Empirical Evidence

Provides specific (citable) evidence that supports the idea of a change in the upstream KE (KEupstream) leading to, or being associated with, a subsequent change in the downstream KE (KEdownstream), assuming the perturbation of KEupstream is sufficient. More help

Include consideration of temporal concordance here

In a rat model of aortic coarctation-associated hypertension, increased ROS (1.75 nmol DCF/mg protein/min) and decreased GTPCH-1 protein expression (western blot band intensity of 0.0087±0.005) were observed (Cervantes-Pérez et al., 2012). However, following clofibrate treatment (100 mg/kg/day, 7 days), ROS was reduced by approximately 30% and GTPCH-1 band intensity increased to 0.0087±0.005. This study provides evidence that there is a dependent change between oxidative stress and GTPCH-1, but we found no dose-response relationship, so empirical support for this KER is weak.

Uncertainties and Inconsistencies

Addresses inconsistencies or uncertainties in the relationship including the identification of experimental details that may explain apparent deviations from the expected patterns of concordance. More help

No uncertainties or inconsistencies were found for this KER.

Known modulating factors

This table captures specific information on the MF, its properties, how it affects the KER and respective references.1.) What is the modulating factor? Name the factor for which solid evidence exists that it influences this KER. Examples: age, sex, genotype, diet 2.) Details of this modulating factor. Specify which features of this MF are relevant for this KER. Examples: a specific age range or a specific biological age (defined by...); a specific gene mutation or variant, a specific nutrient (deficit or surplus); a sex-specific homone; a certain threshold value (e.g. serum levels of a chemical above...) 3.) Description of how this modulating factor affects this KER. Describe the provable modification of the KER (also quantitatively, if known). Examples: increase or decrease of the magnitude of effect (by a factor of...); change of the time-course of the effect (onset delay by...); alteration of the probability of the effect; increase or decrease of the sensitivity of the downstream effect (by a factor of...) 4.) Provision of supporting scientific evidence for an effect of this MF on this KER. Give a list of references. More help

Quantitative Understanding of the Linkage

Captures information that helps to define how much change in the upstream KE, and/or for how long, is needed to elicit a detectable and defined change in the downstream KE. More help

Is it known how much change in the first event is needed to impact the second? Are there known modulators of the response-response relationships? Are there models or extrapolation approaches that help describe those relationships?

As the relationship between oxidative stress and GTPCH-1 is not well-studied, there is limited quantitative understanding of this linkage.

Response-response Relationship

Provides sources of data that define the response-response relationships between the KEs. More help

Time-scale

Information regarding the approximate time-scale of the changes in KEdownstream relative to changes in KEupstream (i.e., do effects on KEdownstream lag those on KEupstream by seconds, minutes, hours, or days?). More help

Known Feedforward/Feedback loops influencing this KER

Define whether there are known positive or negative feedback mechanisms involved and what is understood about their time-course and homeostatic limits. More help

Domain of Applicability

A free-text section of the KER description that the developers can use to explain their rationale for the taxonomic, life stage, or sex applicability structured terms. More help

Several studies showed decreased GTPCH-1 activity and/or protein expression under oxidative stress in cardiac reperfusion patients, bovine endothelial cells, a mouse model of diabetes and a rat model of hypertension (Cervantes-Pérez et al., 2012; AbdelGhany et al., (under review); Jayaram et al., 2015; Zhao et al., 2013).

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KER description. More help

AbdelGhany, T., Ismail, R., Elmahdy, M., Mansoor F, Zweier J, Lowe, F., and Zweier, JL. (2017). Cigarette Smoke Constituents Cause Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase Dysfunction and Uncoupling due to Depletion of Tetrahydrobiopterin with Degradation of GTP Cyclohydrolase. Nitric Oxide (Under review)

Cervantes-Pérez, L.G., Ibarra-Lara, M. de la L., Escalante, B., Del Valle-Mondragón, L., Vargas-Robles, H., Pérez-Severiano, F., Pastelín, G., and Sánchez-Mendoza, M.A. (2012). Endothelial nitric oxide synthase impairment is restored by clofibrate treatment in an animal model of hypertension. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 685, 108–115.

Jayaram, R., Goodfellow, N., Zhang, M.H., Reilly, S., Crabtree, M., De Silva, R., Sayeed, R., and Casadei, B. (2015). Molecular mechanisms of myocardial nitroso-redox imbalance during on-pump cardiac surgery. Lancet Lond. Engl. 385 Suppl 1, S49

Zhao, Y., Wu, J., Zhu, H., Song, P., and Zou, M.-H. (2013). Peroxynitrite-dependent zinc release and inactivation of guanosine 5’-triphosphate cyclohydrolase 1 instigate its ubiquitination in diabetes. Diabetes 62, 4247–4256.