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Event: 1753

Key Event Title

The KE title should describe a discrete biological change that can be measured. It should generally define the biological object or process being measured and whether it is increased, decreased, or otherwise definably altered relative to a control state. For example “enzyme activity, decreased”, “hormone concentration, increased”, or “growth rate, decreased”, where the specific enzyme or hormone being measured is defined. More help

Chronic reactive oxygen species

Short name
The KE short name should be a reasonable abbreviation of the KE title and is used in labelling this object throughout the AOP-Wiki. The short name should be less than 80 characters in length. More help
Chronic ROS

Biological Context

Structured terms, selected from a drop-down menu, are used to identify the level of biological organization for each KE. Note, KEs should be defined within a particular level of biological organization. Only KERs should be used to transition from one level of organization to another. Selection of the level of biological organization defines which structured terms will be available to select when defining the Event Components (below). More help
Level of Biological Organization
Molecular

Cell term

Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable. More help
Cell term
cell

Organ term

Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf.The biological context describes the location/biological environment in which the event takes place.  For molecular/cellular events this would include the cellular context (if known), organ context, and species/life stage/sex for which the event is relevant. For tissue/organ events cellular context is not applicable.  For individual/population events, the organ context is not applicable. More help
Organ term
organ

Key Event Components

Further information on Event Components and Biological Context may be viewed on the attached pdf.Because one of the aims of the AOP-KB is to facilitate de facto construction of AOP networks through the use of shared KE and KER elements, authors are also asked to define their KEs using a set of structured ontology terms (Event Components). In the absence of structured terms, the same KE can readily be defined using a number of synonymous titles (read by a computer as character strings). In order to make these synonymous KEs more machine-readable, KEs should also be defined by one or more “event components” consisting of a biological process, object, and action with each term originating from one of 22 biological ontologies (Ives, et al., 2017; See List). Biological process describes dynamics of the underlying biological system (e.g., receptor signalling). The biological object is the subject of the perturbation (e.g., a specific biological receptor that is activated or inhibited). Action represents the direction of perturbation of this system (generally increased or decreased; e.g., ‘decreased’ in the case of a receptor that is inhibited to indicate a decrease in the signalling by that receptor).Note that when editing Event Components, clicking an existing Event Component from the Suggestions menu will autopopulate these fields, along with their source ID and description. To clear any fields before submitting the event component, use the 'Clear process,' 'Clear object,' or 'Clear action' buttons. If a desired term does not exist, a new term request may be made via Term Requests. Event components may not be edited; to edit an event component, remove the existing event component and create a new one using the terms that you wish to add. More help
Process Object Action
response to reactive oxygen species reactive oxygen species increased

Key Event Overview

AOPs Including This Key Event

All of the AOPs that are linked to this KE will automatically be listed in this subsection. This table can be particularly useful for derivation of AOP networks including the KE. Clicking on the name of the AOP will bring you to the individual page for that AOP. More help
AOP Name Role of event in AOP Point of Contact Author Status OECD Status
Chronic ROS leading to human treatment-resistant gastric cancer MolecularInitiatingEvent Agnes Aggy (send email) Open for comment. Do not cite EAGMST Under Review

Stressors

This is a structured field used to identify specific agents (generally chemicals) that can trigger the KE. Stressors identified in this field will be linked to the KE in a machine-readable manner, such that, for example, a stressor search would identify this as an event the stressor can trigger. NOTE: intermediate or downstream KEs in one AOP may function as MIEs in other AOPs, meaning that stressor information may be added to the KE description, even if it is a downstream KE in the pathway currently under development.Information concerning the stressors that may trigger an MIE can be defined using a combination of structured and unstructured (free-text) fields. For example, structured fields may be used to indicate specific chemicals for which there is evidence of an interaction relevant to this MIE. By linking the KE description to a structured chemical name, it will be increasingly possible to link the MIE to other sources of chemical data and information, enhancing searchability and inter-operability among different data-sources and knowledgebases. The free-text section “Evidence for perturbation of this MIE by stressor” can be used both to identify the supporting evidence for specific stressors triggering the MIE as well as to define broad chemical categories or other properties that classify the stressors able to trigger the MIE for which specific structured terms may not exist. More help
Name
Ionizing Radiation
ferric nitrilotriacetate
Arsenic

Taxonomic Applicability

Latin or common names of a species or broader taxonomic grouping (e.g., class, order, family) can be selected from an ontology. In many cases, individual species identified in these structured fields will be those for which the strongest evidence used in constructing the AOP was available in relation to this KE. More help
Term Scientific Term Evidence Link
Homo sapiens Homo sapiens Moderate NCBI

Life Stages

The structured ontology terms for life-stage are more comprehensive than those for taxa, but may still require further description/development and explanation in the free text section. More help
Life stage Evidence
All life stages Moderate

Sex Applicability

The authors must select from one of the following: Male, female, mixed, asexual, third gender, hermaphrodite, or unspecific. More help
Term Evidence
Unspecific High

Key Event Description

A description of the biological state being observed or measured, the biological compartment in which it is measured, and its general role in the biology should be provided. For example, the biological state being measured could be the activity of an enzyme, the expression of a gene or abundance of an mRNA transcript, the concentration of a hormone or protein, neuronal activity, heart rate, etc. The biological compartment may be a particular cell type, tissue, organ, fluid (e.g., plasma, cerebrospinal fluid), etc. The role in the biology could describe the reaction that an enzyme catalyses and the role of that reaction within a given metabolic pathway; the protein that a gene or mRNA transcript codes for and the function of that protein; the function of a hormone in a given target tissue, physiological function of an organ, etc. Careful attention should be taken to avoid reference to other KEs, KERs or AOPs. Only describe this KE as a single isolated measurable event/state. This will ensure that the KE is modular and can be used by other AOPs, thereby facilitating construction of AOP networks. More help

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are radicals, ions, or molecules that have a single unpaired electron in their outermost shell of electrons, which can be categorized into two groups: free oxygen radicals and non-radical ROS [Liou et al., 2010]. Free oxygen radicals include superoxide (O2·-), hydroxyl radical (·OH), nitric oxide (NO·), organic radicals (R·), peroxyl radicals (ROO·), alkoxyl radicals (RO·), thiyl radicals (RS·), sulfonyl radicals (ROS·), thiyl peroxyl radicals (RSOO·), and disulfides (RSSR). Non-radical ROS include hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), singlet oxygen (1O2), ozone/trioxygen (O3), organic hydroperoxides (ROOH), hypochlorite (ClO-), peroxynitrite (ONOO-), nitrosoperoxycarbonate anion (O=NOOCO2-), nitrocarbonate anion (O2NOCO2-), dinitrogen dioxide (N2O2), nitronium (NO2+), and highly reactive lipid- or carbohydrate-derived carbonyl compounds [Liou et al., 2010].

ROS are generated through NADPH oxidases consists of p47phox and p67phox. Arsenic produces ROS [Zhang et al., 2011]. The primary site of action for this event is DNA or proteins etc.

ROS play an important role in tumorigenesis [Zhang et al., 2011].

Chronic low-level increased ROS can alter the tumor microenvironment and promote cancer stem cell renewal, leading to therapeutic resistance [Gu et al., 2018].

The reason why this chronic ROS KE has been created is because it is important to have chronic ROS, but not just instant increased ROS, since ROS have a double-edged effect.  

How It Is Measured or Detected

One of the primary considerations in evaluating AOPs is the relevance and reliability of the methods with which the KEs can be measured. The aim of this section of the KE description is not to provide detailed protocols, but rather to capture, in a sentence or two, per method, the type(s) of measurements that can be employed to evaluate the KE and the relative level of scientific confidence in those measurements. Methods that can be used to detect or measure the biological state represented in the KE should be briefly described and/or cited. These can range from citation of specific validated test guidelines, citation of specific methods published in the peer reviewed literature, or outlines of a general protocol or approach (e.g., a protein may be measured by ELISA).Key considerations regarding scientific confidence in the measurement approach include whether the assay is fit for purpose, whether it provides a direct or indirect measure of the biological state in question, whether it is repeatable and reproducible, and the extent to which it is accepted in the scientific and/or regulatory community. Information can be obtained from the OECD Test Guidelines website and the EURL ECVAM Database Service on Alternative Methods to Animal Experimentation (DB-ALM). ?

Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) can be detected with a colorimetric probe, which reacts with H2O2 in a 1:1 stoichiometry to produce a bright pink colored product, followed by the detection with a standard colorimetric microplate reader with a filter in the 540-570 nm range.

ROS in the blood can be detected using superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPION)-based biosensor [Lee et al., 2020].

ROS can be detected by fluorescent probes such as p-methoxy-phenol derivative [Ashoka et al., 2020].

Domain of Applicability

This free text section should be used to elaborate on the scientific basis for the indicated domains of applicability and the WoE calls (if provided). While structured terms may be selected to define the taxonomic, life stage and sex applicability (see structured applicability terms, above) of the KE, the structured terms may not adequately reflect or capture the overall biological applicability domain (particularly with regard to taxa). Likewise, the structured terms do not provide an explanation or rationale for the selection. The free-text section on evidence for taxonomic, life stage, and sex applicability can be used to elaborate on why the specific structured terms were selected, and provide supporting references and background information.  More help

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are increased in human gastric cancer (Homo sapiens) [Gu et al., 2018].

Evidence for Perturbation by Stressor

Overview for Molecular Initiating Event

When a specific MIE can be defined (i.e., the molecular target and nature of interaction is known), in addition to describing the biological state associated with the MIE, how it can be measured, and its taxonomic, life stage, and sex applicability, it is useful to list stressors known to trigger the MIE and provide evidence supporting that initiation. This will often be a list of prototypical compounds demonstrated to interact with the target molecule in the manner detailed in the MIE description to initiate a given pathway (e.g., 2,3,7,8-TCDD as a prototypical AhR agonist; 17α-ethynyl estradiol as a prototypical ER agonist). Depending on the information available, this could also refer to chemical categories (i.e., groups of chemicals with defined structural features known to trigger the MIE). Known stressors should be included in the MIE description, but it is not expected to include a comprehensive list. Rather initially, stressors identified will be exemplary and the stressor list will be expanded over time. For more information on MIE, please see pages 32-33 in the User Handbook.

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generated through NADPH oxidases consisting of p47phox and p67phox. Arsenic produces ROS [Zhang et al., 2011].

Ionizing radiation induces ROS [Kruk et al., 2017].

Iron(III)-nitrilotriacetate induces reactive oxygen species production via the transfer of an electron to molecular oxygen to form ROS [Tsuchiya et al., 2005, Akai et al., 2004].

Ionizing Radiation

Ionizing radiation induces reactive oxygen species.

(Ref. Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Carcinogenesis: Implications of Oxidative Stress on the Progression and Development of Several Cancer Types

Author(s): Joanna Kruk, Hassan Y. Aboul-Enein*. Journal Name: Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry,

Volume 17 , Issue 11 , 2017, DOI : 10.2174/1389557517666170228115324)

ferric nitrilotriacetate

Iron(III)-nitrilotriacetate induces reactive oxygen species production via trasfer of an electron to molecular oxygen to form reactive oxygen species [Tsuchiya K, Akai K, Tokumura A, Abe S, Tamaki T, Takiguchi Y, Fukuzawa K. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Aug 30;1725(1):111-9. doi: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.05.001, Akai K, Tsuchiya K, Tokumura A, Kogure K, Ueno S, Shibata A, Tamaki T, Fukuzawa K. Free Radic Res. 2004 Sep;38(9):951-62. doi: 10.1080/1071576042000261945.]

References

List of the literature that was cited for this KE description. Ideally, the list of references, should conform, to the extent possible, with the OECD Style Guide (https://www.oecd.org/about/publishing/OECD-Style-Guide-Third-Edition.pdf) (OECD, 2015). More help

Akai K, Tsuchiya K, Tokumura A, Kogure K, Ueno S, Shibata A, Tamaki T, Fukuzawa K. Free Radic Res. 2004 Sep;38(9):951-62. doi: 10.1080/1071576042000261945

Ashoka, A. H., Ali, F., Tiwari, R., Kumari, R., Pramanik, S. K., & Das, A. (2020). Recent Advances in Fluorescent Probes for Detection of HOCl and HNO. ACS omega, 5(4), 1730-1742. doi:10.1021/acsomega.9b03420

Gu, H., Huang, T., Shen, Y., Liu, Y., Zhou, F., Jin, Y., . . . Wei, Y. (2018). Reactive Oxygen Species-Mediated Tumor Microenvironment Transformation: The Mechanism of Radioresistant Gastric Cancer. Oxidative medicine and cellular longevity, 2018, 5801209-5801209. doi:10.1155/2018/5801209

Kruk J, Aboul-Enein H. Y. (2017). Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species in Carcinogenesis: Implications of Oxidative Stress on the Progression and Development of Several Cancer TypesJournal Name: Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry, 17:11. doi:10.2174/1389557517666170228115324)

Lee, D. Y., Kang, S., Lee, Y., Kim, J. Y., Yoo, D., Jung, W., . . . Jon, S. (2020). PEGylated Bilirubin-coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles as a Biosensor for Magnetic Relaxation Switching-based ROS Detection in Whole Blood. Theranostics, 10(5), 1997-2007. doi:10.7150/thno.39662

Liou GY, Storz P. Reactive oxygen species in cancer. Free Radic Res. 2010 May;44(5):479-96. doi:10.3109/10715761003667554. PMID: 20370557; PMCID: PMC3880197.

Tsuchiya K, Akai K, Tokumura A, Abe S, Tamaki T, Takiguchi Y, Fukuzawa K. Biochim Biophys Acta. 2005 Aug 30;1725(1):111-9. doi:10.1016/j.bbagen.2005.05.001

Zhang, Z., Wang, X., Cheng, S., Sun, L., Son, Y.-O., Yao, H., . . . Shi, X. (2011). Reactive oxygen species mediate arsenic induced cell transformation and tumorigenesis through Wnt/β-catenin pathway in human colorectal adenocarcinoma DLD1 cells. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 256(2), 114-121. doi:10.1016/j.taap.2011.07.016